Reasoning in English

Contents:

• Auxiliaries
  • Functions of auxiliary architecture
  • I do not eating: Each auxiliary has a job
  • Viewpoint
  • Abstract >> concrete
  • Interpretive frame before the content
  • Auxiliaries are operators
  • As operators, no second form
  • Argumentative precision
  • CGEL perspective
• Cheatsheet: Nativelike writing
  • Writer’s responsibility
  • Argumentation in English
  • English likes… / translation often likes…
  • English loves explicit reasoning
  • English treats argument as a dialogue
  • English likes metadiscourse
  • English likes conceptual nouns
  • Common English concept pairings
  • Proposition evaluation
  • English is an inferential language
• English driven reasoning
  • 1. Core idea
  • 2. Central claim
  • 3. Two-layers
  • 4. Mapping principle
  • 5. Design principle (Important Constraint)
  • 6. Methodological constraint
  • 7. Output goal
  • 8. Final structure
• ESL
  • Second language system
  • English architectural features
  • Grammatical is not enough
  • Writer responsible
  • Inferential language
  • Pay attention:
• Explicit
  • Architecture
  • Relationships
  • Logical bridges
• Incremental interpretation
  • Characteristics
  • Early answers, reduce uncertainty
  • Hierarchy
  • Distribute meaning with grammatical tools
  • Linear reasoning, linear unfolding
  • Adjunct scope and ordering
  • Flat
  • Sentence: Guiding before delivering
• Incremental qualification
  • Adjuncts types and their semantic relations
• Inferential Language
  • Inference before morphology
  • Analytic
  • Impact
  • Favour reader participation
  • Allow compression
• Linguistic argumentation
  • 1. Discourse Marking System
  • 2. Clause Linking System
  • 3. Modal System (Epistemic Modality)
  • 4. Evidential & Reporting System
  • 5. Nominalization System
  • 6. Comparative & Scalar System
  • 7. Information Structure System
  • 8. Genericity & Quantification System
  • 9. Clause Packaging System (Attribution & Embedding)
  • 10. Summary Mapping Logic
• Nativelike styles
  • Empiricism and the Demand for Accountability
  • Teleological Logic and the “Arrow” Argument
  • Pragmatic Skepticism and “Steelmanning”
  • The Dialectic of Abstract and Concrete
• Paragraph example
  • Reasoning patterns
  • Realization
• Principles of effective expression in English
• Reasoning patterns
  • 1. Inference
  • 2. Evidence Attribution
  • 3. Qualification
  • 4. Distinction
  • 5. Definition
  • 6. Reframing
  • 7. Analytical Decomposition
  • 8. Counterargument & Concession
  • 9. Evaluation
  • 10. Generalization
• Reasoning patterns mapping
  • 9. Mapping
• Secondary patterns
  • 11. Comparison
  • 12. Cause–Effect Explanation
  • 13. Causal Inference (Blended Form)
  • 14. Abstraction Shift (Concrete → Abstract Mapping)
  • 15. Tentative Conclusion Framing