Grammar analysis: Where to begin¶

Conjunctions¶

- Coordinating
- Subordinating
- Correlative

Complements¶

- Subject → is ...
- Object → Follows the direct object
- Adjective → A clause or phrase, follows predicate adjective 

Adjuncts¶

 - Adjectival: About *what* something is.
 - Determiner: Determines, specifies
 - Adverbial: About how/when/why something happens.
 - Nominal adjuncts: NP modifying another noun

Of nouns¶

 - Adjective: modifies (can grade)
 - Determiner: Determines, specifies
 - Pronoun: Refers to, replaces
 - Appositive: Renames, describes in another way
 - Nominative case: The noun is the subject
 - Predicate nominative: Linked to a noun & renames/identifies
 - Nominal adjuncts: NP functioning adjectevial

Who is doing it?¶

- Agent
- Subject

Who/what is affected?¶

 - Patient/Theme
 - Object
 - Subject in a passive

Who benefits?¶

- Identify adverbials 
- Attached to the verb

She baked a cake for her friend. (for her friend attaches to ‘baked’, adverbial)

- Two objects constructions
- PPs of benefit

Helps distinguish two-object constructions from ones with PPs of benefit (for him, to him), with direct and indirect object

She gave a gift to her friend (gift direct, to her friend indirect)

When/where/how/why does it happen?¶

- Time
- Place
- Manner
- Cause
- Reason

These indicate or describe aspects of the event. Typically adjuncts (optional), making them useful for identifying non-arguments that can be added or omitted freely.

Semantic role to grammatical function¶

- Agent → usually subject or by-phrase (passive)
- Patient/Theme → object or subject (passive), often complements
- Experiencer → subject/object in psychological constructions

Usually adjuncts: Instrument, Location, Temporal, Cause, Goal, Source