Evidential expressions

Expression	Type / Realization	Evidential meaning	Example
According to…	PP	Reported source	According to the latest survey, public trust has declined.
Admittedly	Sentence adverb	Concession based on accepted facts	Admittedly, the proposal has several advantages.
Apparently	Sentence adverb	Indirect evidence / report / inference	Apparently, negotiations have resumed.
As far as the evidence shows	Clause	Evidence-based limitation	As far as the evidence shows, the policy had little effect.
As the data indicate	Clause	Empirical evidence	As the data indicate, productivity increased steadily.
As the evidence suggests	Clause	Inferential evidence	As the evidence suggests, the effects were temporary.
Clearly	Sentence adverb	Writer presents evidence as compelling	Clearly, the current approach is unsustainable.
Data indicate (that)…	Matrix clause	Empirical evidence	The data indicate that unemployment has fallen.
Evidence indicates (that)…	Matrix clause	Evidence-based inference	Evidence indicates that the reform improved outcomes.
Evidence shows (that)…	Matrix clause	Direct empirical support	Evidence shows that vaccination reduces mortality.
Evidence suggests (that)…	Matrix clause	Tentative inference	Evidence suggests that the policy increased participation.
From this it follows (that)…	Matrix clause	Logical inference	From this it follows that regulation alone is insufficient.
Given…	PP / adjunct	Premise for inference	Given current trends, further growth seems unlikely.
Historical evidence suggests…	Matrix clause	Historical basis	Historical evidence suggests that such reforms rarely succeed.
In light of…	PP	Evidence or circumstance	In light of recent findings, the theory requires revision.
It appears (that)…	Matrix clause	Inference from evidence	It appears that public opinion has shifted.
It can be inferred (that)…	Passive matrix clause	Logical inference	It can be inferred that demand exceeded supply.
It follows (that)…	Matrix clause	Deductive consequence	It follows that additional regulation is unnecessary.
It has been argued (that)…	Passive reporting clause	Reported scholarly view	It has been argued that democracy requires civic trust.
It has been claimed (that)…	Passive reporting clause	Reported claim	It has been claimed that automation will eliminate most jobs.
It is evident (that)…	Predicative adjective	Strong evidence	It is evident that inflation has slowed.
It is likely (that)…	Predicative adjective	Probability from evidence	It is likely that interest rates will remain stable.
It is plausible (that)…	Predicative adjective	Plausible inference	It is plausible that the reform affected turnout.
It is reasonable to conclude (that)…	Matrix clause	Reasoned inference	It is reasonable to conclude that the policy achieved its aims.
It seems (that)…	Matrix clause	Tentative inference	It seems that the concerns were overstated.
Observations suggest (that)…	Matrix clause	Observational evidence	Observations suggest that migration patterns are changing.
On the evidence available…	PP	Limited evidential basis	On the evidence available, the proposal appears feasible.
Presumably	Sentence adverb	Inference from assumed facts	Presumably, the committee considered these risks.
Research demonstrates (that)…	Matrix clause	Strong research evidence	Research demonstrates that early intervention improves outcomes.
Research indicates (that)…	Matrix clause	Research evidence	Research indicates that sleep affects memory.
Research shows (that)…	Matrix clause	Strong empirical evidence	Research shows that