Common verb classes that license secondary (object) predicatives

Resultative-licensing verbs

These verbs allow the object to be associated with a resulting state.

Verb	Example
leave	leave the door unlocked
keep	keep the door closed
make	make the room quiet
render	render the plan useless
paint	paint the wall green
wipe	wipe the table clean

Change-of-state/causative verbs

The event causes the object to acquire a new property.

Verb	Example
turn	turn the lights off
drive	drive him mad
push	push the door open
hammer	hammer the metal flat

Perception and discovery verbs

These license depictive secondary predicatives.

Verb	Example
find	find the door locked
see	see him drunk
catch	catch him sleeping
notice	notice the window open

Evaluation/judgment verbs

The predicative assigns a role, status, or evaluation to the object.

Verb	Example
consider	consider him competent
judge	judge the plan risky
elect	elect her president
appoint	appoint him chair

Key CGEL point

• These verbs license a complex complement structure:
  Object NP + secondary predicative

• The predicative is predicated of the object, not selected by the noun and not a free adjunct.