Polarity sensitive items¶
Item |
Grammatical category |
Polarity-sensitive type |
Licensing environment |
Polarity-sensitive example |
Non-polarity-sensitive use? (example) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
any |
Determinative |
existential/degree polarity item |
negatives, interrogatives, conditionals |
Did you buy any books? |
Any book will do. |
any further |
Degree/extent modifier |
extent polarity item |
negatives, interrogatives |
I can’t go any further. |
|
any longer |
Adverb phrase |
temporal polarity item |
negatives, interrogatives |
I can’t stay any longer. |
|
any more / anymore |
Adverb phrase |
temporal polarity item |
negatives, interrogatives |
Do you work there anymore? |
|
anybody |
NP (fused determiner-head) |
existential polarity item |
negatives, interrogatives, conditionals |
Did you see anybody? |
Anybody can make promises. |
anyone |
NP (fused determiner-head) |
existential polarity item |
negatives, interrogatives, conditionals |
Did anyone call? |
Anyone can learn this. |
anything |
NP (fused determiner-head) |
existential polarity item |
negatives, interrogatives, conditionals |
Did you find anything? |
Anything can happen. |
anywhere |
Locative polarity item |
existential polarity item |
negatives, interrogatives, conditionals |
Did you go anywhere? |
You can sit anywhere. |
at all |
Adverb phrase |
degree polarity item |
negatives, interrogatives |
I don’t like it at all. |
|
by any means |
PP |
manner/degree polarity item |
negatives, interrogatives |
I don’t agree by any means. |
|
can stand (idiom: tolerate) |
VP idiom |
idiomatic polarity-sensitive use |
typically negatives and related contexts |
No one could stand the pressure. |
Everyone can stand for a minute. |
either |
Determinative / additive item |
polarity-sensitive use |
negatives |
I didn’t see either of them. |
Either version would do. |
ever |
Adverb |
temporal polarity item |
negatives, interrogatives, conditionals |
Will it ever end? |
It will last for ever. |
in any respect |
PP |
extent polarity item |
negatives, interrogatives |
It didn’t change in any respect. |
|
in any sense |
PP |
extent polarity item |
negatives, interrogatives |
It didn’t matter in any sense. |
|
in any way |
PP |
extent polarity item |
negatives, interrogatives |
I didn’t help in any way. |
|
in the least |
PP |
degree polarity item |
negatives, interrogatives |
I don’t care in the least. |
|
long |
Adjective/adverb (in construction) |
duration polarity item |
negatives |
I won’t stay long. |
It has been a long day. |
still (certain uses) |
Adverb |
temporal polarity item |
some negative/interrogative contexts |
Do you still not understand? |
I still understand. |
yet (temporal “up to now”) |
Adverb |
temporal polarity item |
negatives, interrogatives |
Have they arrived yet? |